When we express an action in a sentence, there is additional information such as how we do it, when we do it, and where we do it. This information is called circumstance. When we learn language, we should know parts of a sentence. A sentence consists of subject, predicate, object, and adverb. We use adverbs to give more information about the verb. Many adverbs convey information about the manner, time, or place of an event or action. These three adverb types - manner, time, and place - are collectively known as circumstantial adverbs. They express one of the circumstances relating to an event or action how it happened (manner), when it happened (time), or where it happened (place). Circumstantial adverbs are, also called circumstance adverbs. In conclusion, circumstance adverbs tell us more about the action of the verb. In this chapter, we are going to discuss more about circumstances.
Types of Circumstance·
Read the following dialogue carefully!
Gilang : How about your math test?
Beny : That was embarrassing.
Gilang : What's wrong?
Beny : I left my calculator at home. I couldn't do the test quickly.
Gilang : Did our teacher ask us to bring our calculator before?
Beny : Yes. I used it the previous night and left it in my bedroom.
Gilang : That's terrible.
Beny : Because of my carelessness, I ruined my own test.
Gilang : You should check your bag before going to school.
The underlined phrases in the dialogue are called circumstances.
Before we talk about circumstance, have you known about adverbs? An adverb is a word that gives us information about a verb and sometimes about an adjective. Adverbs can give information about a verb happens. Adverbs can also tell us when and where something happens. In other words, an adverb describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. The following are kinds of adverbs that we usually use.
Adverb of Manner (How) |
Adverb of Place (Where) |
Adverb of Time (When) |
Adverb of Frequency (How Often) |
|---|---|---|---|
| carefully | here | before | always |
| quickly | there | today | usually |
| slowly | inside | now | frequently |
| carelessly | outside | after | often |
| quietly | everywhere | yesterday | sometimes |
| seriously. | somewhere | tomorrow | never |
Examples:
1. I rode my bicycle carefully.
2. I will wait you here.
3. Ryan is sleeping now.
4. I never go to Bali.
Now, we are going to talk about circumstances. Circumstances are the details of how and why things happen, when and where actions take place: etc. In other words, circumstances refer to the how, how far, how long, how often, when, where, with whom, and as what in a sentence. Circumstances are any kind of contingent fact or subsidiary situation which is associated with the process or the main situation.
Structure:
| Actor | Process: Material | Goal | Circumstance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alya | Watered | The Flower | with a house |
| Actor | Process: Material | Goal | Circumstance |
| The Flower | were Watered | with a house | by Alya |
Circumstances are reported by prepositional phrases, adverbial groups of noun groups.
- Prepositional Phrases
Circumstances in the form of prepositional phrase are a word group introduced by a preposition.
2. Noun Groups
3. Adverbial Groups
Adverbial groups contain one or more adverbs.
In conclusion, circumstances express supplementary information. The circumstances associated with
the process (material/action), which are typically. expressed by' adverbial and prepositional phrases.
Activity 1: Indentifying Adverbs
Read the following text! Then identify the adverbs!
A Private Conversation
Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned around. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not hear it. I turned round again. "I can't hear a word!" I said angrily. "It's none your business," the young man said rudely. "This is a private conversation!"
Taken from: Practice and Progress
Activity 2: Reading Comprehension
A. Read the following text carefully! Underline the circumstances found in the text!
We were camping on Confederation Lake with Vivian and Bill when we decided that we had enough lake trout fishing for a while. We all agreed that some fresh walleye would be a treat so the next day we moved on down the road to lake called Snakeweed. We got camp setup, and Bill, and the boys went to explore the lake. It is a very pretty lake that begins a chain of lakes where you can run for thirty or forty miles without any portages. On the west side of the lake a river enters that has a falls, and it is very scenic. It also has a small level area that looked inviting for a shore lunch.
It was too late for an outing that day so it was agreed that we all would meet there the next day for lunch. I had both my boat and the canoe along, so when the boys asked if they could fish alone, I told them to go ahead. Marlene, Debby, and I were fishing in our boat, and Vivian, Billy, and Bill were in their boat. We all fished all morning and as noon approached, we all met back at the falls. The boys had caught nothing, Bill and Vivian had caught nothing, Debby and I had caught nothing, but Marlene had caught nineteen walleyes.
Taken from: Tales of a Teenager
B. Find the meaning of the following words! Use your dictionary!
- Trout (N) : ________________
- Walleye (N) : ________________
- Treat (N) : ________________
- Set up (N)
- Portages (N) : ________________
- Pretty (Adj.) : ________________
- Shore (N) : ________________
- Canoe (N) : ________________
- Lunch (N) : ________________
- Falls (N) : ________________
C. Answer the following questions based on the text!
1 . With whom did the writer' go camping?
__________________________________________
2. What do you know about a chain of lakes?
__________________________________________
3. Where did they go to get some walleyes?
__________________________________________
4. When did the writer and his relatives agree to meet for lunch?
__________________________________________
5. According to the text, how was their fishing activity?
__________________________________________
Activity 3: Circumstances Adverbs
A. Identify the circumstances of the following sentences!
Example:
Harry took a nap after having lunch.
Cir. Location: Time
- I haven't got time for a holiday.
- Our family planned our trip month in advance.
- The nurse asked the patient to take the medicine.
- People rarely use cash nowadays.
- I was twelve when I moved to Bandung.
- Grandma dropped some coins on his way to the traditional market.
- They swam towards the shore.
- The shops usually close on Friday afternoons.
- Every year I participate in badminton competition in my town.
- Because of the hard rain, the students could not cross the bridge.
- Hilda went _______ to the conference room.
- A furrow should be made_______
- The students listened to their teacher_______
- Uncle will give a lecture a local library_______
- I left home _______ to catch the train.
- I wrote the letter _______ because my pen ran of ink.
- We will go out for dinner_______
- The volunteers helped us_______
- Turn off the lights _______, please!
- The man usually goes to the gym _______ in the morning.
Complete the following text with the suitable circumstances in the box!
I was sitting 1) ____ in the verandah eating toast and reading a magazine when my mother came out and joined me. She had that serious look on her face, her look of purpose, the one she got when she wanted to have one of her mother-daughter talks.
"What are you doing today?" she asked me 2) ____ . I stuffed the rest of my toast 3) ____ .
"This," I said and lifted my magazine.
"Maybe you could get started on your summer reading for AP English," she said, reaching over and brushing some crumbs off my chin.
"Yes. I was planning on it," I said. My mother sighed.
"Sweetheart, I get a letter from your school," she said 4) ____ . I was surprised. I decided to be silent. "Your father is angry right now. He doesn't want you to cheat in the exam. You have disappointed him," she still said patiently. I knew I was wrong. I was speechless.
"Tell me. Why did you do that?"
"I'm sorry, Mom. This is my fault. I forgot the date of the quiz. I decided to chsat 5) ____ . I put my book 6) and looked at it when I met difficulties. Suddenly, my teacher stood 7) ____ . I was punished. I promise I won't cheat anymore, Mom," I said 8) ____ .
"Was it your first?" she asked. ·
"Yes, Mom." I held her hands 9) ____ and hoped she forgave me.
"Okay. Now, tell your regret to your father honestly. He is reading newspaper 10) ____ ," she said. and patted my head.
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