BAB 3: Circumstances_Listening

<span style="font-size: medium;">Activity 1: Listening</span><div><span style="font-size: medium;">A. Listen and complete the following dialogue! then answer the questions! <div><iframe allow="autoplay" frameborder="0" height="60" src="https://vocaroo.com/embed/1cKR9UkWuJIB?autoplay=0" width="300"></iframe><br /><a href="https://voca.ro/1cKR9UkWuJIB" target="_blank" title="Vocaroo Voice Recorder">Listening >></a></div> <br /> Rima : Have you finished your homework? We should find two stories.<br />Fenny : I would finish it 1) .......................</span><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Rima : What’s wrong?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Fenny : 2)......................., he cried to ask the storybook.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Rima : Do you have a storybook?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Fenny : No, I don’t. I borrowed it at the library.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Rima : 3) ......................., I borrowed storybooks at the library, too.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Fenny : 4) ......................., I finally got the book. My brother wanted to see the pictures. You </span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">know that storybooks have a lot of pictures.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Rima : You’re right. Well, I usually study in my room, so my little sister won’t disturb me.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Fenny : I can’t do that because of my naughty brother. Well, I should finish my homework before dinner. <br />Rima : Why? Where will you go? </span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Fenny : 5) ......................., we are going  to have dinner at the restaurant.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Questions:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">1 When would Fenny finish her homework?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">2. Why did Rima go to the library?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">3. How did Fenny get the book?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">4. Why will Fenny and her family go to the restaurant?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">5. Mention the circumstances found in the dialogue!</span></div></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">B. Listening and complete the following monologue! Then identify the circumstances found in the monologue!</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">There was a strange man living 1).................. I never spoke to him before. This morning he looked different. 2).................., he shut the windows and drew the yellow curtains. It was raining hard. Then he locked the door 3).................., opened his black <span style="text-align: left;">umbrella, and walked 4)</span><span>..................</span><span style="text-align: left;"> to the bus stop 5)</span><span>..................</span><span style="text-align: left;">. Five minutes later, he caught the bus and asked the conductor for a ticket to London. 6</span><span>)..................</span><span style="text-align: left;">, it was nearly full.</span></div><div><br /></div></span></div></div> <div><iframe allow="autoplay" frameborder="0" height="60" src="https://vocaroo.com/embed/1lCNke1lCVOR?autoplay=0" width="300"></iframe><br /><a href="https://voca.ro/1lCNke1lCVOR" target="_blank" title="Vocaroo Voice Recorder">monologue >></a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>==============================================================</div><div><br /></div><div><div>A. Tell sentences with the following circumstances!</div><div>1 . to the library</div><div>2. late at night</div><div>3. if you are not busy</div><div>4. hurriedly</div><div>5. with a torch</div><div>6. because of the flood</div><div>7. for three hours</div><div>8. sometimes</div><div>9. running quickly</div><div>10. after the bell</div></div><div><br /></div><div>B. Make a dialogue with your friends! Your dialogue should include circumstances.</div><div><br /></div><div>Activity 3: Writing</div><div>A. Translate the following sentences into Indonesian!</div><div><div>1 . I was having dinner when you called me.</div><div>2. After Mr. lbra had left the village, someone looked for him.</div><div>3. If he is working, I will not disturb him.</div></div><div><div>4. Instead of catching fish, the boys caught rubbish.</div><div>5. Sitting on a big stone, the old man read the book.</div><div>6. While Andy was in hospital, he visited his old friend.</div><div>7. Tired of sleeping on the floor, the poor man borrowed some money to buy a bed.</div><div>8. Not realizing who the woman was, a waiter was eager to serve her.</div><div>9. Armed with the new machine, a search party went into the cave hoping to find buried treasure.</div><div>10. Accompanied by her parents, the girl attended the party.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

12 Chapter 3: Circumstances BAB 3: Circumstances_Listening

Activity 1: Listening A. Listen and complete the following dialogue! then answer the questions! Listening >> Rima : Have you finis...

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Finite and Non-finite Clauses

<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The class "circumstance" represents the circumstance. It can be adverb, prepositional phrase or noun clause (infinitive clause or participle clause), what is decided by the attribute "type". Its attribute "position" represents the position of the circumstance in the sentence: pre, mid, or post, and the "attribute" represents its semantic function in the whole sentence: place, time, way, and others. We have discussed adverbs, prepositional phrases, and the attribute type to describe. circumstances in the previous part. We can also use clauses to describe circumstances. A clause is divided into two: finite and non-finite. Now, we are going to discuss about finite and non-finite clauses which function as circumstances.</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />1 . Finite Clause<br /><br />A finite clause is .a clause which has a finite verb. Finite clause can be either dependent or independent. Finite clauses must contain a verb which shows tense. They can be main clauses or subordinate clauses.<br /><br />Example:<br /><br />The phone rang while I was watching TV. (main clause: past, subordinate clause: past; rang is a finite verb, I was watching TV; finite clause) There are three main types of finite dependent clauses: that-clauses, adverbial clauses, Wh-clauses (may also be independent).<br /><br />a. That-clauses<br />They function as subject, object, complement. </span><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Example: I know that you are an athlete.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-size: medium;">b. Adverbial clauses</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">They function as adverbs.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Example: I went to school when my mother went to the market.<br /><br />c. Wh-clauses</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">They include who, whom, whose, which, why, when, where, and how.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Example: I want to go to a place where there is a beach.<br /><br />2. Non-finite Clause<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A non-finite clause is a clause which does not have a finite verb. A non-finite clause cannot stand alone. It rarely includes a subject, and its verb is a secondary verb form (infinitival, gerund-participle or past participle) which cannot be inflected for tense, person, or number. It is a dependent clause serving as a subject or a complement to a verb, preposition, or noun. Non-finite clauses are usually subordinate clauses.</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />Example:<br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Watching TV, the phone rang. (watching TV is non-finite clause) </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There are some types of non-finite clauses: to-infinitive, participles (-ing and -ed).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a. To-infinitive</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Example: He stands up to answer the question.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">b. Present participle clause (-ing clause)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Example: Before becoming a secretary, she was a receptionist.</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>c. Past participle clause (-ed clause)<br />Example: Annoyed by his little brother, Aris studied in his room.<br /><br />Differences Between Finite and Non-finite Clauses<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Finite clauses are those clauses containing a subject and a finite verb (marked for tense, person, and number). Finite clause can be either dependent or independent. In contrast, non-finite clauses are those clauses formed with a non-finite verb, a verbal element which is not marked for tense, person, or number. Non-finite clauses are always dependent or embedded, since a main clause must have a finite ve'1). We usually use adverbial clause and noun clause to describe circumstances. Here is the explanation about them.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">1 . Adverbial Clauses</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Adverbial clauses are groups of words that function as an adverb or circumstance (time, place, contrast, condition, manner, comparison, reason or cause, result or circumstance). Adverbial clauses modify a verb (either finite or non-finite), an adjective, an adverb, or another clause. Adverbial clauses are connected with the main clause by means of subordinators - some of these have one meaning only, so that we can immediately classify the clause of belonging to a certain</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">type of adverbial clause.</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">a. Finite Adverbial Clause</span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Finite adverbial clauses usually contain a subordinating conjunctions, for example when, while, <span style="text-align: justify;">as, since, after, until, as soon as, etc. The clauses may use modal and temporal verbs (past, present, future). Most of the finite adverbial clauses belong to circumstances of time.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Examples:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mother cooked for lunch before she went outside. (Cir. Location: Time) </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I will accompany you if I arrive early. (Cir. Condition)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I didn't tell you because I was shocked. (Cir. Cause)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We ate dinner where all the locals usually go to. (Cir. Location: Place)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">b. Non-finite Adverbial Clauses</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Non-finite adverbial clauses usually use an infinitive form of the verb or present/past participle used without auxiliary verbs. When this occurs, the subordinating conjunction is removed, thus leaving the sentence open to interpretation. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Examples:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(In case of) raining, we prepare raincoat. (Cir. Cause: Reason)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Exhausted by the game, Ricky didn't go to the party. (Cir. Cause: Reason)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">To open the box, you have to Lise the scissors. (Cir. Cause: Purpose)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The boy trembled, frightened i:Jy the thunder. (Cir. Cause: Reason)</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Notes:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">How to Reduce Adverbial Clauses</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">An adverbial clause can be shortened to an adverb phrase. This can be particularly helpful when you want to express your ideas in a more concise manner. Before you reduce an adverb clause into an adverbial phrase, make sure that the adverb clause (subordinate clause) and the main clause have the same subject. As I had slept for ten hours, I felt fresh. Having slept for ten hours, I felt fresh. Because he practiced hard, he passed the Having practiced hard, he passed the audition. audition. After he did some researches, he became a After doing some researches, he became a volunteer. volunteer.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Because she was late, she didn't get tickets for Being late, she didn't get tickets for the show. the show.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2. Noun Clauses</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun. Noun clauses begin with words such as how, that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, and why. Noun clauses can act as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives, or objects of a preposition. Noun clauses perform many of the same functions as nouns and noun phrases. The following are examples of noun clauses which function as object of preposition. A noun clause can also act as an adjective complement, modifying a verb, adjective, or adverb.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a. Finite Noun Clauses</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Examples:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I'm packing extra snacks for when we get hungry.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">She spends money for whatever she wants.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">b. Non-finite Noun Clauses</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Examples:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">My mom listened to me singing the song.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">My friends begged me to treat them.</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">We went together yesterday for hanging out.</span><br /></div></div>

12 Chapter 3: Circumstances Finite and Non-finite Clauses

The class "circumstance" represents the circumstance. It can be adverb, prepositional phrase or noun clause (infinitive clause or ...

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